Sources for Early Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources for Early Islam - Essay Example various historical books like the God’s Caliph have history about Islam community as well as their Islamic faith, the state of our Allah in the society and our roles as individuals in the Islam faith. The Holly book of Quran has all the obligations of each Muslim in their society. The holy book of Quran has full account of the life history of Mohamed and his role in shaping the faith of Muslims. Furthermore, parents also do much in teaching their children about the Islamic faith. Moreover, we can use the scriptures, the hadiths and the biographies as historical sources of information in various ways. For instance by constant reading of the scripture, we can get the historical information about the important people in the Muslim community and their roles in our society that they played. For instance by reading the scriptures about Mohamed we can typically deduce the various roles he played in shaping the faith of Muslims. In that instance we use the scripture to show us whatever Mohamed and other prophets did in the times before we were born. Similarly, the hadiths are also a collection of all the reports about the actions, words and teachings of the prophet Mohamed. That can be used as a source of history on the things and deeds about the great prophet. These are history about the whereabouts and deeds of the prophet after his death in the Islamic society. Most of our clerics and jurist vindicate the hadiths. However, varied scholars classify these hadiths very dissimilarly. These hadiths help people in proper understanding of the Quran in great depth. Therefore we use the hadiths as historical source in determining what the Prophet Mohamed did in the historical past. Biographies are also significant part of the Muslim history. These are accounts of prominent individuals in the history of the Islam faith,. They account the life events of these people in the society. Through reading of these biographies we come to understand how history unveils by re visiting

James Madison's 51st Federalist Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

James Madison's 51st Federalist Paper - Essay Example However, the framers identified certain realistic problems in making all offices elective. Especially, the judicial branch would face problems because the typical person does not have knowledge about what qualifications judges ought to have. Judges must have great capability, but also not have any political pressures. While federal judges are selected for life, their philosophy will not be inclined via the president who appoints them or the senators whose permission the president will take. All the arguments were generated due to his past life as he was in aristocratic family in Port Conway so his thinking was also very refined. His personal background did not have anything do with any kind of discrimination of race, class and gender. The background which affected his thinking was his education, refined family background and experience which he gained from Thomas Jefferson Madison's writings are filled with figurative and fancy language. In today's terms, a faction is a special interest group. They are a lot of groups of citizens who make a try to advance their thoughts or economic interests at the cost of other citizens or by methods that conflict with the public good. To be in command of a minority faction, there are two alternatives. One alternative could be to eliminate whatever is the reason behind the rise of the faction. Nevertheless, this is impractical. Thus, a second proposal was prepared. In this proposal Madison states that in order to have power over factions one does not need to its causes, but control its effectiveness. James Madison's Federalist, No. 51, is a transparent expression of views and guiding principle for a new government. He was a strong devotee and member of the Federalists whose key beliefs supported the Constitution. They also thought that the Articles of Confederation required rewriting so that it would be possible for the new central government to control the power of the states. Madison begins possibly the most well-known of the Federalist papers, Federalist No.51, by stating that one of the strongest arguments in favor of the Constitution is the fact that it establishes a government capable of controlling the violence and damage caused by factions. Madison believes that the factions are groups who get together to defend and support their special economic interests as well as political opinions. Even though these factions are different from each other, they often work in opposition to the public interests, and violate the rights of others. Equally supporters as well as opponents of the plan are troubled by the political instability which is caused by opponent factions. The state governments have not been successful in resolving this issue; in fact the state of affairs is so challenging that people are disappointed with all politicians and hold government the reasonable for their troubles. As a result, a kind of popular government that can deal effectively with this crisis has a lot to suggest it. Given the temperament of man, factions are predictable. As long as every man has diverse opinions, have unequal wealth, and have different amount of property, they will carry on socializing with people who more like them. Both severe and small reasons account for the creation of factions however the most vital foundation of faction is the unequally distributed property. Men

Swift Courier Company | Analysis

Swift Courier Company | Analysis Introduction to the Company: SWIFT courier company is a reputed Parcel and Document courier company. Operating since 1989, it has offices in Oxford, Reading, Swindon and Newbury. It has grown exceptionally since its inception and now caters to the entire UK population. It also provides Logistics and Supply Chain Management solutions to some of the leading players in the business like DHL. It is also a preferred corporate partner with corporate giants like Herma UK Ltd., Epic data, Stryker UK Limited among others. SWIFT has tie ups with a number of global players, ensuring that its customers can also make international shipments (SWIFT Couriers, 2009). SWIFTs success hinges on its values of integrity, team work, customer centric business operation and providing a platform for people development. Services Portfolio: SWIFT provides three standard services both to the general public and corporate clients alike: Same day Parcel delivery and Courier Services: A premium service wherein shipments are collected and delivered across to any UK destination on the same day. Next Day Parcel Delivery and Courier Services: Shipments are collected and delivered to any location in the UK within one business days time. International Parcel Delivery, Courier and Freight Services: A high end service offering catering to international logistics demands. The company operates its own fleet of transport vehicles and also uses third party networks in service delivery. The firm is highly responsive to market trends and provides a fleet of vehicles for business operations. It has on its range Small courier Vans, Mercedes Vitos, Mercedes Luton Tail Lift, 4ft Arctic Lorries, Mercedes extended sprinters and 7.5 tonne lorries. It offers both branch and on line bookings. Customers can choose to place their orders at any of their 4 branches, over the phone or online through the companys website. It allows for the online baggage tracking and has a tie up with Prudential Insurance to provide lost baggage insurance to all its shipments. The company has an impressive pricing strategy and is one of the low cost service providers operating in the same day delivery market. It has secured numerous corporate partnerships and is now an official carrier for a large number of manufacturing firms, solely relying on its competitive pricing. Operations and its cycle: SWIFT has close to two thousand employees working in its operations department and another 400 providing supporting functions to the operations team. The companys Operations cycle can broadly be classified into four divisions: Sell: The marketing team is responsible for lead generation and execution of deals. For the Operations staff, this is the input for their functioning. Source: The purchasing department is concerned with the acquisition of the transport fleet and other equipment necessary to provide the service. The staffing function is outsourced to professional recruiters who provide the necessary human capital. Build: The operations staff is now concerned with the delivery of shipments. For domestic shipments, the operations team ensures the product delivery. For international destinations, the network management team works with third party operators to have the package delivered. Delivery: The online tracking system generates an automatic delivery confirmation to the customer. The Operations function starts with a delivery consignment being keyed into the companys ERP. Depending on the packages dimensions, its weight and the delivery timelines, the ERP routes the details to the respective teams. The tagged pick up team then picks up the package and transports it to the take away shuttle points. Various packages are then sorted at the shuttle point according to their destinations. Using the Mercedes Vitos, they are all routed to their base collection centres. The bases currently operating are Gatwick Airport- for international consignments, Lambeth for domestic same day deliveries and Oxford for domestic nest day deliveries. Air carrier fleet then transports these packages to the local distribution centres- Edinburgh for Scotland destinations, Cardiff for Whales and London for domestic. From these distribution facilities, the packages are finally routed to their respective destinations using a range of road carrier fleet. The Operation function ends when the recipient signs digitally on the collection barometers upon the receipt of the consignment. At Swift, Operations assumes the most critical of the business functionalities and is the organizations Bread Earner. It has a layered relationship with the other departments and works in tandem with them. The Operations Function consists of two teams- IT and Fieldwork. The IT team is the brain of the company and does all the calculations for finding the most effective route to deliver a package. It encompasses a strategic and an operational role. It literally details the specified route for each shipment and the fieldwork simply follows the channel to deliver the shipment. Company Vs. Market performance: The UK logistics services business has grown multi fold over the past decade. The market has seen over a hundred new entrants, a majority of them being successful global brands. The industry has seen a lot of players create a mark in the niche segments as well as a few firms like Fedex and UPS, spread their wings with diversified and customized offerings to all segments. In 2004, the industry has posted 7% growth rate, 10% in 2005,11% in 2006, 12% in 2007 and 9% in 2008. 2009 has been a dreaded year. The current economic downturn, coupled with the freezing consumer spending has contacted the market; diminishing its value by 15%. According to Highbeam Research Consultants, the UK courier market will grow to 127% by 2011. SWIFT has grown quite well in this lucrative market. The company, over the past two decades has been posting impressive growth rates each year. The company has posted a 15% growth in bottomlines in 2004, 13% in 2005, 16% in 2006, 5% in 2007. It has declared a negative growth of 5% in 2008 and 25% in 2009. Though the company has fared well for the better part of the last decade, it has been sluggish over the past two years. A recent survey conducted by the company on the cause of its declining market share has shown that customer dissatisfaction is the main reason for this dismal performance. Problem Identification: SWIFT runs its operations in traditional ways using very little automation and a lot of manual intervention. The scale of its business, currently, does not support complete automation as by firms like Fedex, UPS and DHL. This makes the functioning error prone. Numerous packages have been misplaced and delivered outside the timelines, resulting in a lot of customers looking for alternative operators. SWIFT has even lost 3 corporate clients over the last 3 years. A lot of these errors have been traced to the point of collections- the earliest part of the supply chain. Lack of clearly defined routing procedures mean that a package to be delivered to London could easily be mistagged to be delivered to Glasgow. The mistake could only be identified when the package has been delivered to the regional collection point in Edinburgh. It then has to be returned back to Lambeth from which it is finally routed to London. All this happens at huge unplanned costs for the company. Added to this, it leads to delays in shipping the consignment. In a tough and competitive market, customer dissatisfaction is aggravated and the customer starts looking at other carriers. According to the company sources, erroneous routing has cost the company over five hundred thousand pounds in 2009 and lost atleast 2000 customers from transacting again. A few mistakes have also been committed downstream, by the regional collection centres. They have been dysfunctional in identifying the most cost effective and quick modes of disseminating the shipments. As an instance, a package arrived at Lambeth for final destination to London is grouped with packages to be delivered to Cranfield. By the time the Trucks have delivered all the packages in Cranfield, only to see a last package to be delivered to London, a transit has to be made all the way from Cranfield to London for a single consignment. With the rising fuel prices, this can be very costly for the company. Analysing the business operation, it can be seen that a lot of efforts are being wasted in areas that make no contributions to service delivery. In other words, there is a high propotion of Non Value Add (NVA) pieces in its model. As an instance, two separate hubs- one as a collection hub and the other as a delivery hub, can be avoided. Problem Resolving: In times as dynamic as the current and in a market with cut throat competition, the business has to look at a mix of innovative and tested business techniques to reduce overhead expenditure and to ensure higher levels of customer satisfaction. We suggest the management to adopt the tried and tested Six Sigma concepts in Operations. Though this will involve a complete revamp of the functioning and some major decisions in Operations Strategy, the positive outcomes of successful implementation will overshadow the costs by a fair margin. Six Sigma: Six Sigma is an Operational concept, originated by the Motorolla Corporation of Japan and widely used across the services industries. The Six Sigma culture aims to achieve operational excellence by consistently writing off the errors. It aims to minimize variability is Business production. It preaches the provision and management of appropriate tools and techniques which ensure that the error tolerance is no more than one defect per million operations (DPMO). The term Six Sigma has its roots built around the concepts of probability. In this case, its the probability of a defect. Majority of the things in the common world have a probability which form a normal distribution. The normal distribution can be explained on two parameters: mean- the average of the expected values of the parameter and Standard deviation- variability(fatness of the curve). This can be measured by the distance between the mean and the perpectual closing points on either one of the sides. This distance is also popularly termed as Sigma. The term Six sigma emphasizes that if an organization has sophisticated working conditions which ensure that the lower and upper service levels (or the range of tolerance) is within six standard deviations on either side of the mean, the chances of a manufacturing defect are only 3.4 per every million operations. Suggested tools for implementation: SWIFT can implement Six Sigma across the length and breadth of its operations using two basic tools: Business Process Mapping and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The scale of its operations do not, yet, suggest the use of more complex and sophisticated techniques like Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Process Capability Analysis for two reasons: High costs involved in the analysis. The medium scale operations of the firm will not provide the sufficient data for a more rigorous analysis. Business Process Mapping: Business Process Mapping refers to an activity involved in defining the exact functioning of a business. It aims is present, in clear and quantifiable terms, the objective of each business vertical, the steps to be followed in achieving the objective, the acceptable standards of the goods are services produced, the roles and the responsibilities of every person involved in the business functioning. It results in an illustration of the business functioning, usually through a flow chart. Services industries use two software packages for business stream mapping or business modeling as it is called in a few companies- Microsoft Visio and Casewise Business Modeller. We suggest the use of Visio because it is inexpensive. Casewise is amongst the most highly priced softwares and the scale of our operations do not justify its use. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA): FMEA is a procedure used in Operations management. It explores the potential failure within a business function with an aim to rate the severity of the failure, the probability of the occurrence of the failure and its effects. Failure modes are anything which originate the dysfunctionality within the business. Effects Analysis studies the effects of these failures on the business. The three principal parameters of an FMEA are : Occurrence, Detection and Severity. In an FMEA, all the Implementation: Implementation of Six Sigma on the job floor is a very important function. The effectiveness of the whole project depends on careful planning and implementation in a phased manner. We suggest the following technique be used in the structured implementation and effective absorption of the Six Sigma culture. Initialization The initialization phase is strategic in nature. Responsibility lies with the Senior management to initialize the Six Sigma thinking. The CEO/ Chairman understands the concept of Six Sigma and how its implementation influences the business core competencies and effectiveness. Upon the managements decision to proceed, an enterprise level delivery leader, having a direct line of sight and reporting to the CEO should be identified. A set of formal guidelines, policies and implementation plan have to documented by the identified leader, in consultation with Operations, Human Resouces, Finance and other support functions. Execution With the framework set, it is now turn to put the plan into action. The company has now to select domain experts from different functions and assign them to work full time on the project. Training is now crucial. Having identified the people who would be the as the quality team, experienced consultants have to hired to train them on the Six Sigma and Lean concepts. Initial projects should then be identified. These could be any major problems that the business is facing. The projects must clearly identify one or more of the organizational goals thereby contributing to the enterprises core competencies. The goals must be clearly defined and be practically achieved within three to four months. There has to be a continuous review of these projects by the senior management. Assessment As projects are deemed to be completed and additional ones taken up, objective vs benefits assessment is to be done. The phase serves as a control mechanism. This is to ensure that: Key constituents of the Six Sigma Initialization plan are being achieved within the predefined time lines. Identify and manage any variability between set goals and actual accomplishments. Six Sigma is all about continuos improvement (Kaizen) and continuos learning. An assessment is necessary to ensure the knowledge is being shared across the business verticals. Promote discipline and accountability. The assessment could be a formal illustration or a word based. A sample suggestion is provided below: Project Selection and Execution: Having looked at the organizational wide implementation, the next focus should be on the individual projects. We propose the use of DMAIC thinking. Define: Identify a suitable defect. Measure: Measure the impact of the defects. Analyze: Analyze the defects and identify solutions. Improve: Implement Improvement opportunities. Control: Set up a control mechanism to monitor the project.

Brain Development in Victims of Child Abuse Essay -- Neurobiology of C

Child abuse is a widespread problem in America and beyond. Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children(1a). For many years, experts believed that the negative effects of child abuse, such as emotional problems, flashbacks to traumatic events, and even learning problems, were psychological phenomena only, able to be cured with therapy. Now, however, beliefs are being changed with the help of tools such as MRI imaging, able to detect actual changes in brain anatomy, and it appears that what doesn't kill you may still permanently weaken you, at least when it comes to child abuse. The chief danger to the brain in child abuse, besides direct injury by the abuser, is the stress placed on fragile, developing tissue. Traumatic stress placed on the brain, such as that caused by abuse, will activate the locus ceruleus, which through a release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine will cause the release of neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, dopamine, and more norepinephrine (2). These neurotransmitters are called catecholamines and are complemented by glucocorticoid stress hormones such as cortisol (2). Stress hormones and neurotransmitters are necessary to the normal function of the brain, and are to some point beneficial, but unusually high levels of these chemicals caused by abuse, especially over an extended period of time, can be very harmful (3). When levels of glucocorticoid hormones are elevated for an extent of several days due to stress, the neurons receiving these hormones begin to be damaged (4). Neurons begin to atrophy and the growth of new neurons is halted (4). If the stress continues for too long, neurons will die (4). This problem is ex... ...II, an article from the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, about the damaging effects of stress hormones on the developing brain http://info.med.yale.edu/chldstdy/plomdevelop/development/January99.html 5)Developmental traumatology part II: brain development, an article detailing a study of the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder upon the brains of abused children http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T4S-3WK3RV4-4&_user=400777&_coverDate=05%2F15%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%234982%231999%23999549989%2399771!%20AND%20(%23UOI%23B6T4S-3WK3RV4%204)%20&_cdi=4982&_sort=d&_acct=C000018819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=400777&md5=4e6b134b5ccc9a8bd44fd1a8d05a5eab 6) Teicher, Martin H. "Scars That Won't Heal: The Neurobiology of Child Abuse." Scientific American 286.3 (2002): 68-75

My Experience About Learning English Essay

I bought a book on interpretation last weekend,was written by æžâ€"è ¶â€¦Ã¤ ¼ ¦who is a chief interpreter work for the Ministry of British Foreign Affairs .the book says how to deal with field interpreting. interpreterï ¼Å¡One who translates orally from one language into another.I’m going to be a excellent interpreter.Being a communication emissary to make people more amicable.which simplify the complicated promblems.consequently,To achieve the purpose of cooperation and shared interests. Hello! Everyone  I’d like to share my experience about learning English with u, and I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. As matter of fact, speaking English is very easy, even chaild can do it ! first of all,u have to know why we should study English.Maybe most people think its unnecessary for them to speak English,now let me enumerate my reasons one by one in the following; In the first place,u know that china has successful enter the WTO is a great event for Chinese people,especially for our young generation. there is no doubt that it is good for our future to speak English. U can make a trip around the world without being understood. In the second place, u know, most valuable books, newspapers and magazines are written in English. The channel of we getting information is limited, so if u wish to get more knowledge, you must learn English. All above, master a language will bring u unexpected achievement. Second, what is english f or? Some people seem to think it’s for practing grammar rules and learning lists of words the longer the words the better.thats wrong,language is for the exchange of ideas, for communation. it’s an essential tool and a very important weapon in our daily life. The way to learn a language is to practise spaeaking it as often as possible. A great man once said it is necessary to drill as much as possible,and the more u apply it in real situations,the more natural it become. Third, cultivating English thought is very important. We all know that we live in a non-English environment so Successful English learning should be active learning, therefore,. successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language.you should look for such a chance..u can find people who speak english and ask these people to correct u when u make a mistakes.don’t be afraid of making mistake.the more mistake u made,the more progress u ‘ll get!when commutation is difficult, u can accept information that is inexact or in complete.it is more important for u to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. of course,u need to learn more about the culture behind the language. When you understand the culturalbackground,you can better use the language.try to think in English whenever possible. When you see something, think of the English word of it;then think about the word in a sentence. Fainally. Interest is the best teacher! Successful language learners are learners with a purpose.thy wanna learn English because u are interested in it and the people who speak it. it’s necessary for u to learn it in order to commucatie with these people and learn from them..we always have much spare time,use a dictionary and grammar guide constanly.keep a small English dictionary with u all the time.when u see a new word,look it up.think about the word—-use it,in ur mind,in a sentence. Here I would like to make three relevant points, first, extensive reading shold be taken as a priority in the learning process,because it is through reading that we get the most language input. next, learning by heart as many as well written essays as possible is also very important. With an enormous stor of excellent assaysin our heads,we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English.finally,it is critical that we should put what we learnt into practice.by doing more reading ,writing, listening and speaking ,we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English. Learning any language takes a lot of effort.but don’t give up.relax!be patient and enjoy yourself.learning forien languages should be fun.†Rome wasn’t built in aday†work harder and practice more,ur hardworking will be rewarded by god one day.God is equal to everyone!

Chinese fan dance Essay

The art and tradition of the Chinese fan dance have captivated audiences for two thousand years. Just one of many forms of traditional folk dances, fan dances has been preserved to share the stories and beauty of Chinese culture. Chinese Fan Dance the Chinese fan dance is performed in celebration of Chinese culture. It represents beauty, grace and delicacy, according to the Chinese Educational Development Project. It also expresses feelings of joy. The dance is composed of consistently changing rhythms paired with consistency changing body positions. Father fans and silk both are part of the traditional Chinese dance that has its roots in the Han Dynasty, circa 206 BC. History: While archaeologists have found pottery depicting Chinese folk dances dating from about 4000 to 2000 BC, the fan dance is believed to have begun during the Han dynasty. This dates the fan dance to around 200 AD. It was also during the Han dynasty that the first effort was made to collect and preserve the country’s folk dances. Thankfully, this practice became important to following generations and folk dances of old are still shared today. Classifications: Chinese dance was divided into either civilian or military dance and their movements can vary based upon the classification. Civilian fan dances tend to be more flowing and detailed, celebrating grace and beauty. They derived from early dances celebrating the distribution of the food gathered from hunting and fishing; people would dance holding feathered banners. Fans: The fans are used to highlight the graceful movements of the dancers and as extensions of very delicate poses. They can be used as a sort of prop, representing a basket of food, a gift or a found treasure. The fans are made of a variety of materials including feathers, paper or bamboo and they reflect the highest level of craftsmanship and artistry. Different kinds of fans Costumes Colorful costumes are typically used to enhance the beauty of the fan dance performance. Today, dancers may be dressed in traditional Chinese garments or in modern lyrical dresses or dance wear. If the dance is intended to tell a specific story, some dancers may be dressed differently from one another but all dancers in a group typically are costumed in the same garments. The Chinese Fan Dance Costume:

Theory As Framework For Research Example

Theory As Framework For Research Example Theory As Framework For Research – Coursework Example Nursing Theory as Framework for Research It is unimaginable to think of research with no theory and concept in its framework. The conceptual framework consists of concepts that are sequentially designed. On the other hand, a theoretical framework offers a structure that serves as a reference basis for definitions of concepts, observations, interpretations, research design and generalization. Most of the studies published in the past 15 years are more conceptualized within nursing theories and concepts. However, some of the studies that center on comparison or of historical aspects of nursing lack theoretical frameworks. One such study is that of Bond et al. (2010) that offers a descriptive analysis of research articles published five years ago. Though this study seeks to determine the studies that use a theoretical framework and those that don’t, it lacks a theoretical framework itself. This study identified whether nursing researchers employed theory in their research and the kind of theory employed in the studies. A research study that lacks a theoretical framework lacks organization. McEwen and Wills (2014) denote that this is because theoretical structure of a study directs the researcher in interpreting the information obtained. This, therefore, implies that Bond et al. (2010) lacks a connection with the existing knowledge. Since the study lacks a theoretical and conceptual framework, the researchers cannot address theoretical assumptions. This implies that the study does not seek to respond to â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† (McEwen and Wills, 2014). Therefore, there is no intellectual transition that comes from recounting a phenomenon observed to take a broad view on numerous aspects of the phenomenon.ReferencesBond,  E.  A., Eshah,  N.  F., Bani-kahled,  M.  B., Hamad,  A.  O., & Hashneh,  S.  H. (2010). Who uses nursing theory? A univariate descriptive analysis of five years’ research articles. Scandinavian Jou rnal of Caring Sciences, 25(2), 405-409. doi:10.1080/13562517.2010.507308McEwen, M., & Wills, E. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

my stance on war Essays

my stance on war Essays my stance on war Essay my stance on war Essay Essay Topic: All Quiet On the Western Front English 101 Evils of Wars Wars break out for various reasons. There are wars between countries or nations and within the nation. The latter is generally known as a civil war and can occur as a result of differences based on race, religion, socio-economic dissatisfaction among others. Whether wars are waged between countries (interstate) or inside the country between different sections of the communities, the effects are very damaging. There are a number of viewpoints for deciding when war is appropriate, some based on morals, and some based on costs and benefits. There are four theories that serve as justification for violence and wars. The main theories that explain policy decisions about war and peace are the theories of realism, pacifism, Just-war, and the requirement of discrimination theory. l, of course, dont support the idea that war is necessary because it destroys innocent minds, it is bad for the economy, and it is terrible for the environment. War does not always physically injure someone, but it can emotionally scar them for the rest of their lives. First, one thing that we can learn rom war is the recognition of universal similarities. Oftentimes, the soldiers are constantly told that the enemy are beasts and deserve no reason to live. But what makes the enemy different from them? Both sides believe in fighting for the homeland. Also, both sides encounter the destruction that a war brings to soldier mentally and physically. In the book All Quiet on the Western Front, author Erich Maria Remarque explains how even though in war the soldiers may have survived the attacks, they did not always survive the war itself(23). By this statement, Remarque is trying to inform readers that war has negative effects on people, not only physically but also mentally. War destroys innocence. Soldiers in the war never had a chance to live their youth because they had to go to war. Just as they should be starting their teenage years, they were forced to drop everything at once and put their life on the line. If war does not kill you physically, then it will emotionally. Its a simple fact; war is destruction at its best. It does not only destroy lives and emotions, but the economy as well. War has influenced economic history profoundly across time and space. Above all, recurring war has drained wealth, disrupted markets, and depressed economic growth. Wars are expensive in money and other resources. In the book The Real Price of War: How You Pay for the War on Terror, author Joshua S. Goldstein informs that one estimate put World War Is total cost at $400 billion five times the value of everything in France and Belgium at the time(14). Goldsteins point is that in order to maintain a war and be fully prepared for it, a single country will eed to spend billions of dollars on weapons, food, shelter, training, etc. Yet many people might believe that it is worth it to squander billions of dollars Just to kill innocent people, and destroy countries, I think it is an aimless action to act upon. One way governments pay for war is to raise taxes, which is non-beneficial to society. Another way to pay for war is to borrow money, which increases government debt and can drive states into bankruptcy. In addition to draining money and resources capital such as farms, factories, and cities. Throughout history, war has invariably resulted in environmental destruction. Nuclear weapons pose a terrible threat to the environment and human health. The earths environment is battered by war, its preparation, practice and aftermath. It is destroyed as an act of war; it is used as a weapon of war; and its destruction is expensive and sometimes irreversible. In the article The Aftermath of Invasion: A Field Report from Nasiriyah, author Norman Sheehan stated that during the most recent warfare in Iraq, individuals were forced o cut down city trees to use as cooking fuel(1 1). This statement, which Sheehan uses in his article, adds weight to the argument that war destroys the environment. Cutting down trees has many negative effects on the environment, animals, and people. The real risk that conventional weapons pose to the environment is through indirect effects. For example, war affects the quality of our air; emissions from the use of tanks and other military machinery and the use of air bombs leave chemicals and debris in the air, which results in inhaling chemicals that are dangerous for our body. The start of a war only leads to harmful and negative outcomes. There is no doubt that war is an evil one, and it should never occur in history because it destroys innocence, it is bad for the economy, and it is terrible for the environment. There are, doubtless, people who consider war as something grand and heroic and regard it as something that brings out the best man. But this does not in any way alter the fact that war is a terrible dreadful calamity. This topic matters to the world because, us, people need to put ourselves first and think about how much we are going to be ffected when a war breaks down. In one way or another, everyone is affected by war. Therefore, starting a war should never be an option in solving disputes. Goldstein, Joshua S. The Real Price of War: How You Pay for the War on Terror. New York: New York UP, 2004. Print. Remarque, Erich Maria, and A. W. Wheen. All Quiet on the Western Front. Boston: Little, Brown, and, 1929. Print. Sheehan, Norman. The Aftermath of Invasion: A Field Report from Nasiriyah. Environmentalists Against War. Environmentalists Against War, 01 May 2003. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.

Bloom

# 8217 ; s Taxonomy Essay, Research Paper Bloom? s Taxonomy is the higher order of thought. Imagine a pyramid ; to acquire to the top, you must first complete what is on the underside. Bloom? s Taxonomy is divided into 6 different subdivisions, each one stipulating what accomplishments are being demonstrated. The first and easiest block is knowledge. In cognition you observe and callback of information, cognition of day of the months, events, topographic points, major thoughts, and of capable affair. Some hints to place cognition is if it asks or you list, define, state, depict, place, demo, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quotation mark, name, who, when, where. The 2nd measure would be comprehension. Comprehension consist of understanding information, appreciation significance, interpret cognition into new context, interpret facts, comparison, contrast, order, group, infer causes, predict effects. Keywords to descry Comprehension would be: sum up, depict, construe, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimation, d ifferentiate, discuss, and extend. Layer figure three is Application. This is where it starts to acquire harder. Application involves utilizing information, methods, constructs, and theories in new state of affairss, work outing jobs utilizing needed accomplishments or cognition. Look out for these words to assist you place application: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, illust rate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment, and discover. Step four is Analysis. Analysis involves seeing patterns, organization of parts, recognition of hidden meanings, identification of components. Question Cues: analyze, separate, order, explain, connect, classify, arrange, divide, compare, select, explain, and infer. The second to the last step, Synthesis, is hard, because now not only do the questions have to be answered for this, but the other steps should be done as well, to be able to fully understand. The elements that contribute to synthesis are: use old ideas to create new ones, generalize from given facts, relate knowledge from several areas, predict, and draw conclusions. Clue words include combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, what it?, compose, formulate, prepare, generalize, and rewrite. Last and definitely the hardest because incorporate all previous 5 steps, is Evaluation. Evaluation compare s and discriminates between ideas, assess value of theories, presentations, makes choices based on reasoned argument, verifies value of evidence, and recognizes subjectivity. Suggested hints include assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend, convince, select, judge, explain, discriminate, support, conclude, compare, and summarize.

Burke's arguments against the French Revolution Essay

Burke's arguments against the French Revolution - Essay Example Burke’s work concerns two important consequences of the French Revolution. First, is his focus on aspects connected with the ‘terror’, and second, are those aspects of French thought which had gone into informing the general tenets of individual liberty and democracyBurke’s work concerns two important consequences of the French Revolution with respect to the present discussion. First, is his focus on aspects connected with the ‘terror’, and second, are those aspects of French thought which had gone into informing the general tenets of individual liberty and democracy. In both senses, and to the extent that these are examined mostly from a historical standpoint, he is deeply concerned with the consequences of various forms of change. That is, and in his own words, he is not interested in problems in the â€Å"abstract principles† [Burke, 1987: 109] . The terror is a period of history marking the French Revolution, and it is characterized as the term suggests, with extreme acts of depravity. During the reign of the French terror, priests, aristocrat's and various sympathizers were often indiscriminately burned or hanged – and, private property suffered a similar fate: â€Å"frauds, impostures, violences, rapines, burnings, murders, confiscations, compulsory paper currencies, and every description of tyranny and cruelty employed to bring about and to uphold this Revolution have their nature effect, that is, to shock the moral sentiments of all virtuous and sober minds, the abettors of this philosophic system immediately strain their throats in a declamation against the old monarchical government of France† [Burke, 1987: 108]. The ‘terror’ poses a number of problems for Burke. It was a period of history – contemporary as he writes this work, where freedom was equated with a complete disregard for â€Å"moral sentiments of all virtuous and sober minds†. For Burke, the lack of hie rarchy and political authority, results in barbarous extremes or indeed, chaos. He does equivocate in his condemnation of this situation, but what is important, is that it informs his judgment of what ‘the state of nature’ or a ‘state without authority’ is characteristic of. As a subject of Britain, he raises much concerning the Revolution of 1688, but sees a far more positive outcome. The ‘Glorious Revolution’ in Britain, brought about the institution of Parliament, and for Burke the English predilection to constitutional authority, is much preferred to the terror in this respect. Aside from the extremes of the ‘terror’, he views greater autonomy and freedom with cultural and not simply political repercussions. In this sense, he might be regarded as a Platonist or an elitist. That is, a hierarchy must be maintained not simply to exert direct political control or authority, but also to convey a moral standard or what might be descr ibed as a standard of ‘taste’, so to speak. By this, it is implied to the extent that he is critical of the ‘decadence’ that greater freedom and autonomy (especially in Britain) has brought about. One could describe this social criticism as essentially a critique of the ‘nouveau riche’, over and against the preferred sentiments of aristocratic values. Concerning the nouveau riche, for example, he asserts: â€Å"Why should the expenditure of a great landed property, which is a dispersion of the surplus product of the soil, appear intolerable to you or to me when it takes its course through the accumulation of vast libraries [Burke, 1987: 142]. The freedom of the many – or, even a ‘select’ many (e.g. the Bourgeoisie) is a condition which Burke is deeply critical of.. The above passage suggests that ‘wealth’ or â€Å"surplus† is better spent on the preservation of libraries than on the forms of entertainmen t that appealed to the growing middle classes. The status quo for Burke, is a hierarchy which is not merely constitutional, but also social. His criticism of freedom is thus political and social. Thus, the undermining of authority for Burke, can be understood as extending from both direct (the terror) and indirect forms (cultural, e.g. the ‘nouveau riche’), and in both senses, he regards the consequences as central with respect to what he does regard as the proper political authorit

Social Media as an Effective Marketing Channel Essay

Social Media as an Effective Marketing Channel - Essay Example This paper illustrates that there are many types of social media that help people communicate with each other and develop business relationships. However, social media mainly refers to the social networking websites that play a dynamic role in the personal and professional lives of people. Some of the main business benefits of using social media include the provision of an effective marketing platform, ability to reach large audiences, and improved customer service. Social networking websites are playing a valuable role as effective marketing channels for all types of companies whether large, small, or medium-sized. With the advent of the social media as an effective network for marketing and advertising, companies started using social networking websites for achieving the better response, as well as to provide customer service through an enhanced level of interaction with the customers of the company. â€Å"The main goal of social media marketing is to ensure high participation of target audience in campaigns and content shared by the company†. It is imperative for a company y to know the needs and demands of the customers for the provision of best products and services. Managers use a range of tools to gather required information because, without the information of customers’ requirements, it is not possible for a company to deliver customer value properly. Social media marketing helps managers and concerned employees in contacting the customers of the company directly to know their requirements and preferences. Today, many small and large companies form manufacturing and retail industries are focusing on the use social media marketing to customize their products in accordance with the customers’ preferences, as well as to deliver their message in a more effective and conventional way to the target audience. Social media marketing refers to marketing using social networking websites and other forms of social media.

Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outsourcing - Research Paper Example Outsourcing has turned out to be a key business aspect, providing many firms with the chance of hiring an outside firm, to help in the completion of their production processes, and a well reduced cost but high productivity rate. The decision to undertake outsourcing is a sign of future increase in profits.A number of factors have become considered before a firm can decide whether outsourcing is the right path for the firm to take. To many organizations the objective of outsourcing is to improve the company’s financial competitiveness, majorly through reduction of costs. The author argues that, companies that specialize in various support functions work cheaper since they benefit from various scale of economies, use the latest technology and expert knowledge. A number of organizations make the decisions outsource mainly since they want to try and focus on their key competencies, and check minimal value in creating in house processes out of these main competencies. Human resourc e outsourcing helps in reducing the overall work load of the present Human Resource staff. According to him, this gives the firm an opportunity to focus on its strategic decision making process, and development of the major competencies. Outsourcing HR processes can provide managers with an opportunity to pay close attention to their main businesses, instead of spending their valuable time on different HR processes, which are constantly turning out to be complex and more advanced. HRO reduces attrition; losing an indispensable employee can cost the management tens if not hundreds of thousands. In The United States alone, the annual cost of an employer turnover is close to $5

Discuss the claim that, despite repeated reform, the Common Essay

Discuss the claim that, despite repeated reform, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) still retains its protectionist nature - Essay Example These regulations cover rural development, horizontal matters like financial support and controls, direct payments for farmers among others. Most critics view the Common Agricultural Policy as a form of protectionism meant to defend European producers from inexpensive products produced outside the European Union. This paper is going to discuss the claim that despite repeated reform, the Common Agricultural Policy retains its protectionist nature. Over the years, the European Union has been a model in regional integration and trade promotion trough out the world. This is evidenced by its move to cut many trade barriers through bilateral trade agreements, giving grants to poor countries, not forgetting that its creation has enhanced trade among the member states in a very significant way. Most importantly, it can be noted that the European Union is one of the trading blocs with lowest tariffs on imports from non-member states. Although this claim is true to some extent, the European Union protects Agriculture, which is one of its member states’ key industry sectors through the Common Agricultural Policy. The Common Agricultural Policy enacts trade barriers on agricultural produce from outside the European Union and at the same time subsidizing the domestic producers among its member states. Subsidies and artificially higher prices sometimes lead to overproduction, hence food surpluses in the European markets. The European Union in turn sells the excess supplies to the world market through subsidized exports, ensuring that domestic farmers enjoy higher income and job security. These subsidized export products are sold below the market prices, competing unfairly with products from developing economies. Some of the surpluses are stored to make the food mountains which are often destroyed when they cannot be sold. Consumers on the other hand are compelled to pay artificially higher prices for the food

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians Essay

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians - Essay Example Christian critics have debated the role of the Sabbath day and what Christians should do during the day. However, the major area of contention is the activities that man is supposed to be engaged during the day in accordance with the Christian teachings. The creation process according to Alister (1999, p53) occurred at the beginning, where there ‘was a word and the word was God’. This process is described in Genesis, a book contained in the Old Testament written many centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ, from whom Christians follow His teachings. The birth of Jesus Christ whom Christians regard as the son of God and as God himself exemplified the Sabbath day from which modern Christians follow in churches. The idea of Sabbath from the period that God created the world to the time of Jesus ministry has virtually remained unchanged and current Christians emulate the work and teachings of Jesus Christ on the Sabbath day. Many theologians have researched on the relatio nship between work and Sabbath in the Christian teachings. Karl Barth (1979, p40) a seasoned theologian argues that on the Sabbath day, God rested to celebrate his creation. In this regard, all Christians should leave behind their daily activities and join others in fellowship to celebrate God’s creations. ... The New Testament documents many incidents where Jesus observed the Sabbath day in accordance with God’s commandment. In Luke4:16, Jesus is recorded to have gone in the synagogue on the Sabbath day where he taught and read sermons to the congregation. Luke 6: 6 documents an incident when Jesus taught the congregation about a man whose hand was withered. These incidents demonstrate that Jesus celebrated the Sabbath day by engaging in God’s work. He worshipped, taught, and prayed with other believers in addition to performing miracles (Bruce, 2000, p34). Jesus Christ’s actions on the Sabbath day and are compliant with God’s commandment, which requires all believers to observe the day and keep it holy. Many critics have questioned why Jesus Christ performed miracles on the Sabbath day whereas God had forbidden work on that day. However, Jesus work was dedicated to God’s ministry, a practice that modern Christians follow to date. Attending Sunday church services is the continuation of God’s work and the mere action of attending the services qualifies all worshippers to be Christians. However, not all Americans attending the Sunday church service are Christian unless they follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. According to Alister (1999, p63), Christianity is a calling where believers are supposed to accept their failings and dedicate themselves to learn God commands. Accepting their weaknesses involves acknowledging that they are sinners and then seeking for forgiveness. Repentance according to Alister (1999, p 58) brings ‘change’ to a person by adopting a lifestyle that is compliant with God’s teachings. In addition, the repentant Christian should undergo baptism.

Outsourcing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outsourcing - Research Paper Example Outsourcing has turned out to be a key business aspect, providing many firms with the chance of hiring an outside firm, to help in the completion of their production processes, and a well reduced cost but high productivity rate. The decision to undertake outsourcing is a sign of future increase in profits.A number of factors have become considered before a firm can decide whether outsourcing is the right path for the firm to take. To many organizations the objective of outsourcing is to improve the company’s financial competitiveness, majorly through reduction of costs. The author argues that, companies that specialize in various support functions work cheaper since they benefit from various scale of economies, use the latest technology and expert knowledge. A number of organizations make the decisions outsource mainly since they want to try and focus on their key competencies, and check minimal value in creating in house processes out of these main competencies. Human resourc e outsourcing helps in reducing the overall work load of the present Human Resource staff. According to him, this gives the firm an opportunity to focus on its strategic decision making process, and development of the major competencies. Outsourcing HR processes can provide managers with an opportunity to pay close attention to their main businesses, instead of spending their valuable time on different HR processes, which are constantly turning out to be complex and more advanced. HRO reduces attrition; losing an indispensable employee can cost the management tens if not hundreds of thousands. In The United States alone, the annual cost of an employer turnover is close to $5

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians Essay

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians - Essay Example Christian critics have debated the role of the Sabbath day and what Christians should do during the day. However, the major area of contention is the activities that man is supposed to be engaged during the day in accordance with the Christian teachings. The creation process according to Alister (1999, p53) occurred at the beginning, where there ‘was a word and the word was God’. This process is described in Genesis, a book contained in the Old Testament written many centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ, from whom Christians follow His teachings. The birth of Jesus Christ whom Christians regard as the son of God and as God himself exemplified the Sabbath day from which modern Christians follow in churches. The idea of Sabbath from the period that God created the world to the time of Jesus ministry has virtually remained unchanged and current Christians emulate the work and teachings of Jesus Christ on the Sabbath day. Many theologians have researched on the relatio nship between work and Sabbath in the Christian teachings. Karl Barth (1979, p40) a seasoned theologian argues that on the Sabbath day, God rested to celebrate his creation. In this regard, all Christians should leave behind their daily activities and join others in fellowship to celebrate God’s creations. ... The New Testament documents many incidents where Jesus observed the Sabbath day in accordance with God’s commandment. In Luke4:16, Jesus is recorded to have gone in the synagogue on the Sabbath day where he taught and read sermons to the congregation. Luke 6: 6 documents an incident when Jesus taught the congregation about a man whose hand was withered. These incidents demonstrate that Jesus celebrated the Sabbath day by engaging in God’s work. He worshipped, taught, and prayed with other believers in addition to performing miracles (Bruce, 2000, p34). Jesus Christ’s actions on the Sabbath day and are compliant with God’s commandment, which requires all believers to observe the day and keep it holy. Many critics have questioned why Jesus Christ performed miracles on the Sabbath day whereas God had forbidden work on that day. However, Jesus work was dedicated to God’s ministry, a practice that modern Christians follow to date. Attending Sunday church services is the continuation of God’s work and the mere action of attending the services qualifies all worshippers to be Christians. However, not all Americans attending the Sunday church service are Christian unless they follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. According to Alister (1999, p63), Christianity is a calling where believers are supposed to accept their failings and dedicate themselves to learn God commands. Accepting their weaknesses involves acknowledging that they are sinners and then seeking for forgiveness. Repentance according to Alister (1999, p 58) brings ‘change’ to a person by adopting a lifestyle that is compliant with God’s teachings. In addition, the repentant Christian should undergo baptism.

How to score that perfect 6.0 on GMAT AWA Essay Example for Free

How to score that perfect 6.0 on GMAT AWA Essay This guide is meant for essay-phobes who dread the blank screen with the blinking cursor and/or people who simply want to score well (or full) on the GMAT. As far as my qualifications are concerned, I recently gave the GMAT and with good confidence scored a full 6 on my GMAT AWA, despite being an essay-phobe myself. To get started, you should read Chineseburneds article on AWA Writing here -http://gmatclub.com/forum/how-to-get-6-0-awa-my-guide-64327.html. The idea of his article is to form a template and it suggests some supporting words for you to use while writing your essay. This idea forms the meat of my strategy, and theres no point in me reproducing the material in this already well-known reference article. Also, note that the Issue essay has been discontinued much to my relief, and this guide will focus exclusively on the Argument essay. I actually waited a whole year so I could give the Next-Gen GMAT rather than the old GMAT with 2 essays, and I must say this pathetic strategy paid off 780 + 6 AWA + 8 IR on my first attempt. I do believe the Quant and Verbal scores would have been negatively affected due to the energy drain caused by the 2 essays. Im only going to build on the tips given by Chineseburned, add some more tips and make it EASIER for you to follow. Now that youve read the article, its time to jump into some more tricks: Three things to remember: 1) Remember that the argument essay is more science than art. You need to use connecting words to build up your argument. (Moreover, for example, to illustrate, ; do not use etc unless absolutely necessary, it looks like an open ending make your argument sound robust and confident) People suggest writing about 500 words per essay the reason being unless youre a good writer, its difficult to convey what you want to say minimally. Take a look at the score 6 essay in the Official Guide can you pull off an essay like that? If yes, you dont need this guide I should be taking tips from you. If you cant, read on. A good 500+ word essay usually shows that you can whip up ideas and write atleast well about your ideas in the 30 mins. Its also useful to remember that the GMAT asks for a draft version, not a very awesome finalized essay. So, a bit of structure, good grammar and 3 argument loopholes (2 or 4 is fine, but 3 is a good number to stick to) are all the things that you need to write your essay. 2) Its also useful to keep in mind that one of your raters is an algorithmic e-rater. You can test yourself against the official e-rater by buying the GMAT Write pack from mba.com. I did do this because I wasnt feeling too sure about my scores, and I feel more confident if I know what to expect beforehand. I do suggest you do the same, because its one thing to write an essay and another to see your actual score. The thing here is good structure and grammar with connecting words in a 500+ word essay is almost guaranteed to give you a 6 its how the e-rater seems to be programmed. On top of that, from what Ive read, the human graders seem to be so overburdened with essays to check that they too follow an algorithm almost the same as the e-rater; a longer essay is sure to score better than a shorter one. 3) Don’t worry about making too much sense in the essay. The e-rater can’t validate your facts and figures – it can only read structure. And the reader cannot verify any of them either – trust me, he doesn’t have the time or the inclination nor is he supposed to do so. All they need is structure, grammar and a well substantiated argument. Feel free to conjure examples out of thin air so long as they substantiate your argument. As I’ll explain later, the examples form the bulk of the essay. What does this mean for you? Aim for 500+ words and Im going to show you exactly how to do that. How to write a 500 word essay in 30 mins? After writing my first 2 essays, I realized I was finding it difficult to vomit 500+ pretty words in 30 mins I needed a shortcut. This section is organized in chronological order from a time management perspective. My time breakup was very simple – 1. Type out your template with full introduction and conclusion. Yes, I cheated. I had a 100+ word intro-conc template ready to vomit without even reading the question! And now I have conclusive proof that this strategy works! That should take approximately 3-4 minutes to type. Voila! No more blank screen ï Å , plus you’re free to attack the question and who cares if you even forget the template at this point? Here’s my template: (MS Word word count: 126) â€Å"The argument that omits some very important considerations that are necessary to get a full 360-degree view of the described scenario. The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or even support the main conclusion from the given premises. First, the argument readily assumes that†¦ Second, the argument claims that†¦ Lastly, the argument fails to account for the fact that†¦ In summary, the argument is extremely flawed because of the above-mentioned reasons and hence comes across as weak and unconvincing to the reader. If the author had mentioned all the relevant facts that are essential to objectively assess the situation under consideration, the argument would have been much stronger. Without this information, the argument remains unsubstantiated and open to debate.† I must mention that this was close to what I wrote on some of my first practice essays, which helped me memorize it easily. Whatever template you use, just remember to restate the argument in the introduction and keep the other parts independent of the actual argument. Dont fill in the part till the next step. Just mark it with a or whatever and come back to it after reading the question. 2. Now that you’ve typed out your template, take 3-4 mins to read the question and JOT DOWN 3 loopholes. Write them down on your scratchpad, do not memorize. 2B. Fill in the part in the introduction. 3. All that remains is for you to expand your points into 3 paragraphs which we already started in the template. You’ll need about 400 words. I found this difficult initially, but then, as usual, I came up with a trick – elaborate your examples. They are your saviors. Below is one of my last GMAT Write essays note the length of the â€Å"example† sections marked in red. Essay prompt: The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and development at Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm. â€Å"The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly profits have declined since the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation. Moreover, the package had little positive effect, as we have had only marginal success in recruiting and training high-quality professional staff. To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the reduced benefits package that was in place two years ago and use the savings to fund our current research and development initiatives.† My essay response: â€Å"The argument that Ready-to-Ware should decrease its benefits package for professional staff omits some very important considerations that need to be addressed to get a full 360-degree view of the situation under consideration. The argument does not provide substantive evidence to be able to prove or support the main conclusion from the given premises. First, we need to consider if the decline is profits has occurred solely due to the increase in employee compensation. There could be multiple reasons for the decrease in the companys profits over the past two years. For example, the company might have one of its major customers to a rival, thus putting pressure on the revenues. If this single customer were responsible for more than 50% of the companys revenues, a severe drop in profits is to be expected. Another scenario would be if too many competitors have entered Ready-to-Wares target space, in the process putting pressure on the company to provide considerable discounts to current and prospective customers to maintain and gain market share. This is the same scenario that drove out profits from the auto industry in the 1980s. With too many car manufacturers hogging the same target consumer market, the downward pressure on car prices virtually eliminated the car manufacturers profits. One more example of a profit-declining scenario would be a ramping up of taxes by the government to cover its budget deficit. Companies usually tackle such problems by shifting headquarters to a more tax-friendly location. Hence, the argument fails to convince the reader that the fall in profits was specifically due to the increase in employee benefits and not due to any other cause. Second, the argument claims that Ready-to-Ware had problems retaining high-quality professional staff even with the increased compensation package. However, the author fails to mention the competitiveness of Ready-to-Wares benefits package in comparison to industry standards. Here, there is a good possibility that Ready-to-Wares package was very incompetitive to begin with, thus explaining the companys low employee retention rates. Even with the increased benefits package, we cannot be sure that Ready-to-Ware is providing enough incentives to its professionals to stick with it when faced with any of its rivals offers. For example, if Ready-to-Wares original compensation package totaled $30,000 in value, whereas its rivals were offering $50,000 on an average at that time for the same job position and responsibilities, it becomes quite clear why the company had problems retaining its professional employees. Again, if the increased compensation package equals $40,000 as a sum total of all benefits, it is still not sufficient to satisfy employees who can see the better opportunities offered by its competitors, and that too without considering the fact that the the average job salary in the industry might already have risen above the original $50,000 to adjust for inflation. Lastly, the argument fails to take into account the negative effects of reducing the package. If the company is already facing employee retention issues, this problem might only be exacerbated by the decrease in benefits. Employees might leave the company is hordes, leaving their positions unmanned, and at the same time creating a two-sided problem for the company which might not be able to attract new employees due to their low salary offering. In the worst case scenario which in this case I believe is actually realizable, that company might go out of business and have to liquidate itself. In summary, this argument is extremely flawed and unconvincing for the abovementioned reasons. The author fails to take a complete view of the situation and omits some very important considerations required to assess the merits and issues in this situation. If only the author had taken all the above points into account and omitted the counterarguments, the line of reasoning would have been considerable strengthened. â€Å" Notice how the examples have been stretched out and well-developed? It’s easy to do once you practice a few times. Start telling a story in the example, and many a times you’ll find it’s actually more difficult to stop writing than to keep extending. Practicing a few times will give you a good sense of how long each paragraph should be. In most of my essays, the lengths of the 3 body paragraphs decrease from top to bottom – it’s just because I like it that way. How you want it to look is up to you. Don’t bother to put your 3 points in any order – each can be substantiated well beyond 100 words – your brain will take care of that. To reiterate – conjure examples out of thin air as long as they help strengthen your argument. It’s not cheating, it’s just common sense. A good essay takes time – give me a day and I’ll cook you a feast you’ll never forget; give me a half hour and I’ll microwave leftovers. If I had more time to write that essay above, I’d NEVER EVER have formatted it the way I have done and it’d have come off WAY BETTER than it currently is – and that will be true for your essay too, it’ll be far from your perfect work. But who cares as long as it gets you that 6, eh? And the time allotted for this step? Just make sure you finish your essay by the 29th minute. If you aim for the 29th minute, you might need 30 seconds extra and you’ll have a buffer. I tried to finish it by the 30th minute once when practicing and ended up leaving an open sentence when software abruptly ended my essay session. It’s best to finish by the 29th minute. 4. DO NOT reread. Relax. Trust the template and trust what you’ve filled in the blanks. Rereading will only lead to anxiety and might screw up your later sections. There WILL be mistakes in your essay. Remember – it’s a draft, you’re allowed some grammatical, spelling or punctuation mistakes. Practice Practice makes a man perfect. And women too. Sorry for that clichà ©, but none of this will be helpful unless you write your own essays to get the hang of it. Depending on your confidence level, you’ll need to write 4-8 essays to get comfortable with typing it all out in 30 mins without a hitch. And again, if you want to get really confident about your scores, just get a GMAT Write package – it’s much more satisfying to actually see your essay graded by the actual e-rater algorithm. GMAT Write also gives you a breakup of your score, so it’ll be easier for you to hit the deficient areas if any. On the day of the GMAT Trust your template. Don’t question your method just because it’s mechanical. Remember – you’re running a marathon and this is just the first 1/7th of it. Conserve your energy. Just follow what you’ve planned without questioning. And once the essay is done, forget about it. Concentrate on the sections you’re doing. This article might be about scoring a 6 but most schools don’t care as long as you score a 4+. The high score is just to satisfy your big ego. Best of luck for your GMAT and Id love to hear any feedback!

Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment

Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment The theory of the determinants of private investment, irrespective of whether it originates domestically or from abroad, is relevant for an understanding of what drives FDI. This has become increasingly true with the globalisation of world markets, although there remain additional factors which may inhibit or encourage FDI that would not affect domestic investment. Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment depends on firms expectations of demand relative to existing capacity and on their ability to generate investment funds (Fazzari and Athey, 1987:481; Fazzari and Mott, 1986:171). Several studies have challenged the neoclassical assumption that any desired investment project can be financed2. Asymmetric information3 about the quality of a loan could lead to credit rationing, implying that not all borrowers seeking loans at the prevailing cost of capital may be able to obtain financing (e.g, Greenwald, Stiglitz and Weiss, 1984). Consequently, firms tend to rely on internal sources of funds to finance investment, and to prefer debt to equity if external financing is required4. A further theoretical development was the introduction of irreversibility and uncertainty in explaining investment behaviour. This literature demonstrates that the ability to delay an irreversible investment expenditure can profoundly affect the decision to invest (Dixit, 1989; Pindyck, 1991:1110). Firms have an i ncentive to postpone irreversible investment while they wait or new information which makes the future less uncertain (Bernanke, 1983; Cukierman, 1980). The development literature has long been concerned with investment, because of its importance for the rate of growth of per capita output in the economy (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:204; Fei and Ranis, 1963:283; IMF, 1988). Although empirical models of the determinants of investment in developing countries are in broad agreement with results obtained for industrialised countries, there are additional factors which have been found to constrain capital accumulation. Most of these are related to the problem of uncertainty and/or risk, which acts as a disincentive to private investment, because of the irreversible nature of most investment expenditures (Pindyck, 1991). Inflation reduces private investment by increasing risk, reducing average lending maturities, distorting the informational content of relative prices, and indicating macroeconomic instability (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:206-208; Oshikoya, 1994:585,590). Empirical studies show that the variability of inflation has a stronger negative effect on private investment than does the level (Serven and Solimano, 1993:137). Large external debt burdens also have a strong disincentive effect on private investment, especially short-term debt (Faruqee, 1992:52). Debt-service payments reduce the domestic resources available for investment, and poor international creditworthiness reduces access to foreign savings5. For domestic investors, the existence of a large debt overhang reduces the future returns to investment because a high proportion of the forthcoming returns must be used to repay existing debt (Borensztein, 1990:315). A debt overhang is also a major source of uncertainty: the size of future transfers to creditors is uncertain; macroeconomic policy is uncertain; and the exchange rate is uncertain. The combined risks of changes in relative prices, taxation and aggregate demand reduces investment by both domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. Whatever the cause, the irreversibility of real capital expenditures can result in underinvestment if the future is uncertain, even when current conditions are righ t (Tornell, 1990). During macroeconomic adjustment, the credibility of policy changes is an added problem (Rodrik,1989), and the possibility of policy reversal can have serious consequences for real private capital expenditures. Investors prefer to hold financial capital, which is easier to realise if conditions turn out to be adverse, and which retains the option to purchase real capital if optimism continues. For this reason, there are frequently long lags in the investment response to adjustment(Serven and Solimano, 1993:131,137). Several studies report the effects of changes in the real exchange rate6 and the terms of trade7 on investment. These studies generally find that the variability of the real exchange rate is usually Some researchers support the notion that FDI contributes to the productivity and growth of local enterprises. Blomstrom and Sjoholm( 1998) are of the opinion that the productivity and growth of local enterprises could be achieved through spill over effects/externalities from FDI. This is achieved as the Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) either introduce superior technology of through the marketing activities of MNEs that affect the market equilibrium forcing local operators to act in such way that they can retain their original market shares. Graham and Krugman (1995) indicates that competitive enterprises (MNEs) contribute to productivity and growth of the host nation by infusing technology, labour skills, management methods, and training into the host economy. Empirical research shows that FDI affects the economy of a host country in a variety of ways. Firstly, it provides the required capital and state -of -the- art technology that enhances economic growth in the host country (Caves,1996; Dunning, 1993; Blomstrom and Sjoholm, 1998; Smarzynska,2002; Akinkugbe ,2005). Secondly, it augments the skills of the host nations and thus stimulates growth through the infusion of managerial, labour skills and training (de Mello,1999). Thirdly it promotes the technological upgrading, regarding start- up, marketing , and licensing arrangements (de Mello and Sinclair , 1995 ; Markusen and Venables ,1999). FDI is thus seen as a catalyst to the host nations economic growth and development as it enhances technological process and promotes industrial development (Asheghian, 2004). In addition, FDI can be expected to encourage economic growth of the host nation, given the prevailing view that MNEs can complement the local industry and stimulate growth and welfare in the host nations (Grossman and Helpman, 1991; Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995). The major determinants of the host countrys economic development and growth is the economic environment portrayed by its rate of economic growth , trade policy, political stability, legislation , domestic market size and balance of payments constraints (Caves, 1996; de Mello, 1999; Dunning, 1993)- the political economy of the nation . These factors may inevitably influence the decision of foreign investors (MNEs ) on the possible choice of a viable investment location (Akinkugbe, 2005). Dunnings (1981, 1988) electric theory provides a flexible and popular framework where it is argued that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is determined by three sets of advantages which direct investment should have over the other institutional mechanisms available for a firm in satisfying the needs of its customers at home and abroad. The first of the advantages is the ownership specific one which includes the advantage that the firm has over its rivals in terms of its brand name, patent or knowledge of technology and marketing. This allows firms to compete with the other firms in the markets it serves regardless of the disadvantages of being foreign. The second is the internationalisation advantage, that is why a bundled FDI approach is preferred to unbundled product licensing, capital lending or technical assistance (Wheeler and Mody, 1992). The location-specific advantages relate to the importance for the firm to operate and invest in the host country and are those advantages that make the chosen foreign country a more attractive site for FDI than the others. For instance firms may invest in production facilities in foreign markets because transportation costs are too high to serve these markets through exports. This could either be directly related to the actual nature of the good, either being a high bulk item or a service that needs to be provided on site, or due to policy factors such as tariff rates, import restrictions, or issues of market access that makes physical investment advantageous over serving the market through exports. Location advantage also embodies other characteristic (economic, institutional and political) such as large domestic markets, availability of natural resources, an educated labor force, low labor cost, good institutions (the clarity of countrys law, efficiency of bureaucracy and the absen ce of corruption), political stability, corporate and other tax rates among others. Bende-Nabende and Slater (1998) investigate both the short-run and long-run locational determinants of FDI under the broad categories of cost-related, investment environment improving and other macroeconomic factors. The short-run dynamics indicate that European investment in the Thai manufacturing sector has been more responsive to the macroeconomic factors. The long-run dynamics on the other hand suggest that European investment has been more responsive to the investment environment improving factors. In particular, there is evidence to suggest that the Thai manufacturing sector is losing its cost-related comparative advantage. Dar, Presley and Malik (2004) studied the causality and long-term relationship between Foreign Dirct Investment (FDI), economic growth and other socio-political determinants. Although a considerable literature gives the evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. Their paper considers economic growth, exchange rate and level of interest rates, unemployment, and political stability as determinants of the level of FDI inflows for Pakistan over the period 1970-2002. Almost all variables are found to have the theoretically expected signs with two-way causality relationship. The present study also estimates an error correction model by ordinary least squares, based on cointegrating VAR (2). Nunnenen (2002) argues that there is a startling gap between, allegedly, globalization-induced changes in international competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) and recent empirical evidence on the relative importance of determinants of FDI in developing countries. He shows that surprisingly little has changed since the late 1980s. Traditional market-related determinants are still dominant factors. Among non-traditional FDI determinants, only the availability of local skills has clearly gained importance. As concerns the interface between trade policy and FDI, he finds that the tariff jumping motive for FDI had lost much of its relevance well before globalization became a hotly debated issue. Artige and Nicolini (2005) analyse the determinants of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows for a group of European regions. The originality of their approach lies in the use of disaggregated regional data. First, they develop a qualitative description of their database and discuss the importance of the macroeconomic determinants in attracting FDI. Then, they provide an econometric exercise to identify the potential determinants of FDI. In spite of choosing regions presenting economic similarities, they show that regional FDI inflows rely on a combination of factors that differs from one region to another. Bà ©nassy-Quà ©rà ©, Coupet and Mayer (2007) re-examine the role of institutions in the host and in the source country by estimating a gravity equation for bilateral FDI stocks that includes governance indicators for the two countries. Second, they tackle multicollinearity and endogeneity bias by implementing a three-stage procedure for instrumentation and orthogonalisation. Third, they look further into the detail of institutions by using a new database constructed by the French Ministry of Finance network in 52 foreign countries. This database is used to point out in some detail the relevant institutional features. Its country coverage, which focuses on developing countries, is very helpful for studying the impact of the institutional environment of the host country. It does not allow, however, going deeply into the impact of the institutional environment in the source country as well as into the impact of institutional distance. Hence they complement our analysis with estimatio ns based on the Fraser database, which provides fewer details on institutions, albeit on a more balanced country coverage between industrial and developing countries. Finally, they study the impact of institutional distance on bilateral FDI. Onyeiwu and Shrestha (2004) argues that despite economic and institutional reform in Africa during the past decade, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the region continues to be disappointing and uneven. In their study they use the fixed and random effects models to explore whether the stylized determinants of FDI affect FDI flows to Africa in conventional ways. Based on a panel dataset for 29 African countries over the period 1975 to 1999, their paper identifies the following factors as significant for FDI flows to Africa: economic growth, inflation, openness of the economy, international reserves, and natural resource availability. Contrary to conventional wisdom, political rights and infrastructures were found to be unimportant for FDI flows to Africa. The significance of a variable for FDI flows to Africa was found to be dependent on whether country- and time-specific effects are fixed or stochastic. Nakamura and Oyama (1998) studied the macroeconomic determinants of FDI from Japan and the United States into East Asian countries, and the linkage between FDI and trade, and other macroeconomic variables. Their analysis focuses on the structural differences among East Asian counties and classifies them based on statistical tests of fixed effects models using panel data. This examination helps to clarify how Japanese and American multinational firms position their production bases in East Asian countries within their world marketing strategies. In order to avoid the problem of simultaneity among variables, they examine simultaneous equation models to confirm the validity of panel regression results. In their study they find that East Asian countries can be classified into four groups depending on FDI from Japan and other elasticities to macroeconomic variables, and this grouping almost coincides with their economic development stages. Moreover, they confirm that FDI from Japan into a ll the groups are strongly affected by changes in real bilateral exchange rates, but this is not always the case for FDI from the United States. Among different country groups, FDI into group 1 (Taiwan and Korea) responds positively to the Japanese capacity utilization, indicating their industries integration with the Japanese economy. Group 3 (Indonesia and the Philippines) shows that Japanese FDI is buoyed up by the yens appreciation against the U.S. dollar. FDI into group 4 (China and Malaysia) and, to a lesser extent, group 2 (Singapore and Thailand) is oriented more toward capturing local markets compared to the other groups. They also find that Japanese FDI has strong trade expansion effects, which is rarely seen for U.S. FDI. With regards to research on the determinants of FDI to Africa there appears to be a dearth of literature. A Search on the Econlit database using Foreign Direct Investment and Africa as keywords yielded the other two reffered journal articles on the Determinants of FDI to Africa. One of the papers, Schoeman et al (2000), analyses how government policy (mainly deficits and taxes) affects FDI. However, their analysis focuses on one country, South Africa. The Second paper , Asiedu (2002) examines whether the factors that drive FDI in developing countries have a different impact on for countries in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA). However, the analysis focuses only on three variables the return on investment, infrastructure availability and openness to trade, and does not take into account the natural resource availability , which is an important determinant of FDI to Africa. Another paper that focuses exclusively on Africa is Morisset (2000). Unlike Asiedu (2002), Morisset (2000) controls for natural resource availability , measured by the sum of primary and secondary sectors , minus manufacturing. However, this measure of natural resources is too broad and does not accurately capture the availability of minerals and oil, the most important types of natural resources relevant for FDI to SSA. In addition none of the studies examine the impact of some of the important variables that feature predominantly in investor surveys, such as corruption and regulatory framework in the host country. This research extends the limited to empirical literature on the determinants of FDI to Africa by examining the extent to which the economic, political, institutional characteristics of a country, as well as the policy environment affect FDI flows. Nunnekamp (2002) sought to assess whether determinants of FDI have changed with globalisation i.e whether traditional determinants are losing importance whilst non traditional ones are increasingly gaining importance. Two approaches were adopted, namely survey data from European Round Table of Industrialists ( ERT 2000) and simple correlation for 28 developing countries. Market size (proxied by host countrys population and level of GDP ) as a traditional determinant of FDI is said to have declined in importance over time. Other factors such as location, cost differences, qualities of infrastructure, ease of doing business and the availability of skills measured by average years of schooling have become increasingly important as non-traditional determinants of FDI (Nunnekamp 2002:16) The survey results were supplemented by World Bank Data on variables that are considered important FDI determinants. Results show that traditional market related determinants still dominate determinants of FDI distribution among the countries considered (Nunnekamp 2002:24). Non traditional determinants such as cost factors, and trade openness , measured by ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, have typically not become more important with globalisation. Of importance is the availability of skills which is proxied by average years of schooling, which has become a relevant pull factor of FDI in the process of globalisation (Nunnekamp 2002:35). An analysis of a developing country by (Tsai 1991) focused on Taiwan by providing demand size determinants of FDI using time series data. Tsai (1991:279) employed OLS method using equations in logarithm form. Two equations were specified, i.e first on the demand size determinants and the second using variables as ratio of GDP to eliminate possible side of influences. A dummy variable was used to assess the impact of government incentive polices on FDI in different periods. Tsai (1991:276) suggests that for Taiwan only labour cost, market size and government incentive policies are important demand size determinants. Although FDI is seen to exploit cheap labour in developing countries, the case of Taiwan seems to show that growth in FDI with rising labour costs indicates the cheap labour may not be as important as expected. No clear evidence was found to support the expectation that government incentive policies were effective in attracting FDI to Taiwan. An interesting finding in Tsai (1991:279) is that Taiwans relatively outstanding economic performance as reflected in the expanding domestic market and ever increasing per capita GDP during 1965-1985 was not particularly attractive to foreign investors. As Tsai argues, this could be attributed to FDI being used supply side determined rather than demand side or perhaps non- economic factors outweigh the investment incentives. It is generally believed that factors determine FDI inflow in developing countries could have a different impact on SSA countries in particular . This is because developing countries outside Africa seem to attract huge FDI inflow while SSA attracts low levels of FDI as discussed by Asiedu (2002). Another study in Africa by Obwona (2001) investigated the FDI-growth linkage for Uganda. Obwona used the investor surveys approach and econometric tests. Using investor surveys, both local and foreign investors were directly questioned regarding their decisions and decision making processes when investing in Uganda (Obwona 2001:55). The focus was on productive investment, as such purely commercial and consulting activities were excluded. For econometric tests , time series data was used for the period 1975-1991to estimate the determinants of FDI and growth. Findings from the survey showed that increased foreign investment was a result of a conducive investment environment provided by government though its policies and institutions (Obwona 2001:56). The author concludes that from the investors surveyed, foreign investors are primarily concerned with fundamental factors, i.e a stable macroeconomic and political situation and credible policy reforms. For Uganda , Obwona considered pull factors such as growth factors , liberalised exchange rate, low inflation and fiscal discipline. The major determinants are availability and cost of natural and human resources, adequacy of infrastructure , market size, trade policies, macro stability, economic growth and political stability (Obwona 2001:62). The importance of each of these variables , however depends on the type of investment and motivations or strategy of investors. Obwona (2001:62) agrees with other researchers, such as Nunnekamp (2002) that given the shifts in the type of investment, the availability of low cost unskilled labour in location decisions has declined over time. This has meant more emphasis on skilled labour or the trainability of workers. Furthermore, two notable studies by Moolman et al (2006) and Fedderke and Romm (2004) have focused on determinants of Inward FDI to South Africa. Moolman et al (2006) sought to examine the macroeconomic link between FDI in South Africa and its resultant impact on output for the period 1970-2003. In so doing, they initially identified supply side determinants of FDI before analysing their impact on output. Their research method follows the supply side macro econometric framework, which does not take into account the demand side determinants that are equally important as well. On Model specification , five variables were explored as explanatory variables for FDI in the empirical estimation, namely, market size measured by real GDP, exchange rate proxied by the rand-dollar exchange rate , infrastructure, openness and a dummy variable for sanctions. The empirical results of Moolman et al (2006:3) indicate that market size, openness, infrastructure and the nominal exchange rate are factors which South African policy makers should focus on when seeking to attract FDI. The FDI output link does not take other factors such as increased employment , improved skills and new management techniques into account (Moolman et al 2006:29). After thorough investigation and studies, it was found out that only market size and openness are common factor determining FDI. The role of exchange rate is an important determinant of foreign investment in most countries. Particularly for South Africa, it should be considered whether it could be an important FDI determinant. Studies from developing countries have also identified other factors that should be considered as in the case of South Africa as those of Loots (2000) and Ahmed et al (2005).

Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers

Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42). Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42). Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) :: Essays Papers Sample Concept Paper (not a rhet/comp concept, though) For John Wheeler, defining the term â€Å"quantum† in his essay â€Å"How Come the Quantum† (Best 41-43) seems the least of his worries. It’s a â€Å"thing,† he says, â€Å"a bundle of energy, an indivisible unit that can be sliced no more† as Max Planck’s observations 100 years ago indicate (41). Wheeler’s words ‘thing,’ ‘bundle,’ and ‘sliced’ are interesting: they seem at once colloquial and correct for the usage Wheeler makes of them. Quanta sound friendly, everyday. The just-folks tone continues as he observes that, thanks to quanta, â€Å"In the small-scale world, everything is lumpy† (41). He moves his readers forward smoothly (no lumps) to the next topic, what existence of quanta reveals about the uncertainness of the world, a world where chance guides what happens. In spite of this uncertainty, Wheeler continues, quantum physics serves both practical and theoretical ends. The theories involved in quantum physics explain atomic structures, starlight, the earth’s radioactive heat, and the travels of particles (which are waves of energy, it would seem) between neutrinos and quarks. The vocabulary has gotten tougher; Wheeler clearly assumes his readers know what ‘particles’ and ‘waves’ mean when physicists use those â€Å"ordinary† words, let alone what they mean by neutrinos and quarks (41). Enter the telltale ‘but.’ Wheeler seems troubled more by why quanta exist than how to define the quantum as a working concept in physics. He says, in fact, that â€Å"not knowing ‘how come’† the quantum shames â€Å"the glory of [its] achievements† in science (41-42). From here Wheeler takes the reader back into the task of defining, or â€Å"interpreting,† the quantum. First, he cites his teacher Nils Bohr, who proposed that the gap between the world of quantum physics and that of everyday reality might be bridged by the act of measurement between them. What is measurable, Bohr explained, is necessarily limited. Furthermore, continued Bohr, because of the theory of complementarity, one can look at a phenomenon one way or another—but not both ways at once (42). Wheeler next turns to his colleague in physics, Albert Einstein, who could never accept Bohr’s â€Å"world view† even when Wheeler’s student Richard Feynman offered an explanation of Bohr’s ideas about the quantum. Feynman’s explanation involved multiple simultaneous paths of travel for electrons; Einstein could not reconcile this explanation, however, with his own ideas about the relations between God and His creation (42).